A specific statement in the premise must also appear in the conclusion. If it begins with ‘SOME’ (indicating a particular case), then ‘SOME’ must also be included in the conclusion.
Distribution means that the term applies to all instances, while not distributed indicates that it applies to only some instances.
For example, “Every chemist is a scientist” is an affirmative proposition where the predicate term (scientist) is undistributed—it applies to chemists but not to all scientists.
“Every chemist is a scientist” is universal.
“Every chemist is hardworking” is also universal.
“Every hardworking person is a scientist” is universal.
In the major premise, “Every chemist is a scientist,” the term “chemist” is distributed (meaning it refers to all chemists), but the second part is undistributed (indicating that not all scientists are chemists). Therefore, the premise is particular while the conclusion is universal, which leads to an illogical argument.
Some teenagers study Spanish.
Some chess champions are teenagers.
Therefore some chess champions study Spanish.
So this goes from particular to particular and is logic; it makes sense. But there is no conclusion because it needs to be universal at least once to make a conclusion.
